Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune condition causing joint pain, swelling and stiffness. Symptoms can vary from day to day.
If pain is sudden or severe, or comes with trouble breathing, chest pain or sudden weakness, seek emergency care immediately.
Common symptoms and how they vary
Pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints, often the hands, wrists and feet, and usually on both sides of the body.
Morning stiffness that may last more than half an hour, tiredness, and sometimes a mild fever or weight loss.
Symptoms often come and go, with calmer periods and flare-ups that may happen without a clear reason.
Causes and risk factors
An autoimmune condition: the immune system attacks the lining of the joints, which become inflamed and swollen and can be damaged over time.
The exact cause is unknown. Linked factors include genes, smoking and family history; it is more common in women and often starts between 30 and 60.
How it is usually diagnosed
No single test confirms it. Your doctor looks at your symptoms and examines your joints.
Blood tests such as ESR and CRP (signs of inflammation), rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies help, together with X-rays or ultrasound. A rheumatologist usually leads the care.
Treatment categories in general terms
Treatment aims to calm the inflammation and protect the joints; starting early matters.
Treatment categories include disease-modifying medicines, biologic and targeted therapies, short courses of steroids, painkillers and anti-inflammatories for symptoms, and physiotherapy and occupational therapy. Your doctor decides what suits you.
Living with the condition
Regular gentle exercise balanced with rest helps keep joints flexible.
Stopping smoking, keeping a healthy weight and keeping up with check-ups and the blood tests some medicines need all help.
Look after your mental health, and never stop a medicine without talking to your doctor.
Common questions
Is rheumatoid arthritis the same as osteoarthritis?
No. Rheumatoid arthritis is immune-driven inflammation; osteoarthritis is wear of the joint cartilage over time. They are treated differently.
Can it affect other parts of the body?
In some people it can affect the eyes, lungs or heart. Tell your doctor about any new symptom.
Questions you could ask your doctor
- What makes morning stiffness better or worse?
- How do I tell an ordinary day from a flare?
- When should I contact you between visits?
Tools and resources
Trusted sources for further reading
General education in line with the patient pages of these sources.